Water. Desalination + reuse
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The top 11 cities most likely to run out of water As Cape Town nears its so-called 'day zero', the BBC's world news desk compiled a list of the top 11 cities most likely to run out of water — and they're not where you might think. Of the cities on the list, fi ve have especially high populations, including populations of 20 million people or more; four suff er high levels of water pollution; and two have critical levels of leakage. Among the other challenges are drought, seawater intrusion, and water resource mismanagement. TOP 10 WORLD RISKS BY IMPACT 1. Weapons of mass destruction 2. Extreme weather events 3. Natural disasters 4. Failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation 5. Water crises 6. Cyber attacks 7. Food crises 8. Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse 9. Large-scale involuntary migration 10. Spread of infectious diseases Source: The Global Risks Report 2018, 13th edition, World Economic Forum. Bangalore, India Why? Rapid property development; high levels of pollution; antiquated infrastructure with 50 per cent leakage. Moscow, Russia Why? High levels of pollution; low water quality standards. Cairo, Egypt Why? High relative number of water pollution-related deaths; critical water shortages expected by 2025. Moscow, Russia Why? Why? Why? quality standards. Istanbul, Turkey Why? High population of 14 million people; low per-capita water availability; water scarcity possible by 2030. Beijing, China Why? High population of 20 million people; low water availability; surface water pollution. Tokyo, Japan Why? High population of 30 million people; rainfall is concentrated during four months of year and a dry season could lead to drought; 70 per cent of water comes from surface rivers, lakes and melted snow. Jakarta, Indonesia Why? Illegal well-drilling is draining aquifers; prone to fl ooding. Istanbul, Turkey Why? people; low per-capita water availability; water scarcity possible by 2030. 7 Beijing, China Why? water availability; surface water pollution. water availability; surface water pollution. water availability; surface water pollution. water availability; surface water pollution. water availability; surface water pollution. water availability; surface water pollution. water availability; surface water pollution. water availability; surface water pollution. water availability; surface water pollution. water availability; surface water pollution. 3 6 10 Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia Why? draining aquifers; prone to draining aquifers; prone to draining aquifers; prone to 5 4 2 Cape Town, South Africa Level 6B water restrictions were introduced on 1 February, limiting city residents to 50 litres of water a day. The city's so- called 'day zero' was pushed back to 9 July, a er new water supplies reached Steenbras Upper Dam. The city's eff orts to stave off 'day zero' continue, with a mix of initiatives on demand and supply (see page 26-27). Water. desalination + reuse March 2018 Far Site 25