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NETWORK / 8 / fEbRuaRy 2017 Denmark u Population: 5,669,220 u by 2050 Denmark aims to be independent of fossil fuel u 50% of the country's electricity is powered by renewables: biomass, solar, geothermal and wind u by 2020, wind power will supply about half of Danish electricity consumption u The oil crisis in 1973 triggered a green transition to make the country independent of imported oil, with district heating becoming the technology of choice u by 1980 the Danish economy had grown by 70%, but energy usage remained the same. CO2 emissions were reduced u Denmark is now 90% self-sufficient in energy u District heat is the foundation of the energy system and has the highest percentage penetration rate in the world u Two-thirds of households use district heat u 94% of district heat consumers have lower heating costs than they would if they used oil-based stoves u almost half of district heating in Denmark is produced from renewable energy and waste-to-energy u by 2035 all district heat in Denmark will be based on renewable energy and waste u The industry is regulated by the Denmark vS the Uk: key factS Copenhagen u The city's ambition is to be the world's first carbon-neutral capital by 2025 u 95% of households in the city are connected to district heating u 60% of the city's waste is recycled and reused u Only 5% of city's waste goes to landfill u CTR, Veks and Vestforbrænding own a 180km hot water transmission system, which supplies heat to 21 distribution networks in 21 local authorities u There is also a steam system in the city that covers 20% of the network and which is currently being replaced by a hot water district heating system Danish Energy Regulatory authority, which is independent of the sector but financed by it u District heat networks in Denmark are often owned by municipal public authorities u under the Danish system of regulation, district heat networks are not allowed to make a profit u average heat consumption: 8.3 MWh per person per year u annual turn-over of DH: 3.8 billion uSD (= 1.0 % of GDP) u Heat cost is 2.6% of average household income u biomass for heat is exempt for excise taxes including energy tax, CO2 tax u District heat companies receive municipal support for loans and very low interest rates UK u Population: 65,110,000 u The uK has a target to meet 15% of its energy needs from renewable energy sources by the year 2020 u around 2,000 district heat networks supply 2% of the uK's total heat requirement u Committee on Climate Change (CCC) central scenario for the 5th carbon budget shows heat networks serving 18% of buildings heat demand in 2050 (81TWh), saving 15.1MtCO2e/year u an 8-10% compound growth rate is needed to meet the lower end of necessary trajectories u The government provided £300m of funding in November 2015 to leverage £2 billion of private investment u Issues in the district heat sector include lack of consumer protection, and a need for demand and institutional investment u The uK produced 26.5 million tonnes of waste in 2012 copenhagen •