Water. Desalination + reuse
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22 On Site December 2016 Water. desalination + reuse Wat e r r e u s e G l o b a l s n a p s h o t Singapore Sembcorp Changi Plant The Changi Water Reclamation Plant, operated by Sembcorp, is one of the largest and most advanced water recycling facilities in the world. Commissioned in 2008, it has the capacity to treat 176 million gallons of water a day (800,000 m3/d). The plant uses micro-filtration, reverse osmosis and ultraviolet radiation to produce high quality reclaimed water. On June 23, 2016, Singapore's Public Utilities Board (PUB) put out a tender to expand the plant's treatment capacity by 44 million gallons a day (200,000 m3/d) by 2019. The tender includes civil and infrastructure expansion works, and the installation of advanced membrane bioreactor equipment. The MBR treatment module will be introduced in two phases of 22 million gallons a day. The facility forms part of Singapore's deep tunnel sewerage system (DTSS), and is reportedly to undergo a phased expansion until its treatment capacity reaches 528 million gallons a day (2.4 million m3/d). NEWater Water reuse leader Singapore has a small amount of land, lots of people, and quite a lot of rain. It sources water through a mixture of imports from Malaysia, recycled water, which it calls NEWater, desalination, and local catchments. Today, about 25 per of the country's water is supplied by desalination, 30 per cent by water reuse, and the rest through catchments and imports. Singapore aims to increase the proportion of recycled water in this mix to 55 per cent by 2060. There are currently four water reclamation plants in Singapore: Changi, operated by Sembcorp (see le ); Ulu Padan, operated by Keppel Seghers; and PUB's plants in Bedok, and Kranji. The plants use dual membrane (micro-filtration and reverse osmosis), and ultraviolet processes to produce high quality water, as well as some membrane bioreactor systems. They take water feeds from a combination of domestic and non-domestic sources, and the aspiration is to increase the proportion of water that's recycled from about 50 per cent today, to 60 or 70 per cent in the future. Demand for water in Singapore is expected to double in the 50 years to the mid-2060s. Orange County Reverse osmosis reuse system US state Orange County's driest year on record was 2013. The dry weather, combined with the state's steady population growth (up by 5.3 per cent between 2010 and 2015), is driving a focus on water conservation and reuse. The county's major water sources are the Santa Ana River, Colorado River, groundwater, rainwater, and RO recycled water. Orange County Water District developed a scheme for groundwater replenishment using RO reclaimed water. The 100 million gallons a day (378,500 m3/d) capacity reverse osmosis facility operates in 21 units of around 19,000 m3/d, using Hydranautics ESPA-2 and ESPA2LD, and Dow XFRLE, CSM FLR membranes, achieving a recovery rate of 85 per cent. Orange County Groundwater Replenishment System Supplies 30 per cent of annual recharge into the water basin